Granulocitos de baja densidad: Un nuevo marcador de deterioro óseo en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal / Low-density granulocytes: A new marker of bone deterioration in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objetivo: En enfermos renales, la enfermedad ósea-metabólica, la inflamación sistémica y la malnutrición exacerban el riesgo de calcificación vascular (CV) y la morbimortalidad. Dada la fuerte asociación entre CV y fracturas por fragilidad, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la contribución de los mayores determinantes de CV al deterioro óseo en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal (DP).Métodos: En 31 pacientes no diabéticos en DP (>6 meses), se estudiaron marcadores de alteraciones del metabolismo óseo, daño vascular, inflamación y desnutrición, y, su impacto en el deterioro óseo (osteopenia radiológica y/o antecedentes de fractura por fragilidad).Resultados: En estos pacientes, (20 varones y 11 mujeres; edad=54±15 y 60±11 años respectivamente (p=0,24)), la prevalencia de fracturas por fragilidad fue de 5% en hombres y del 27% en mujeres. El deterioro óseo fue mayor en personas de edad avanzada, sexo femenino, índices de Charlson y Kauppila elevados, menor masa muscular y con expansión de una subpoblación altamente inflamatoria de granulocitos inmaduros de baja densidad (LDGi). Un análisis de regresión logística demostró que el riesgo de deterioro óseo está más influenciado por el sexo femenino que por la edad y que, de los múltiples factores asociados a mayor deterioro óseo estudiados, sólo la expansión de LDGi estima el riesgo de alteraciones óseas en estos pacientes independientemente de su edad y sexo.Conclusión: La expansión de LDGi provee de un biomarcador certero para el diagnóstico de deterioro óseo y para monitorizar estrategias que atenúen su progresión en pacientes en DP de cualquier edad y sexo. (AU)

Consenso Delphi sobre Estrategias Terapéuticas y de Prevención Sanitaria de la hipovitaminosis D / Delphi Consensus on Therapeutic and Preventive Health Strategies for Hypovitaminosis D

Antecedentes: La elevada prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D en España es considerada una verdadera epidemia con importantes implicaciones para la salud por las múltiples funciones que ejerce la vitamina D tanto a nivel esquelético como extraesquelético. Para que las personas con insuficiencia o deficiencia en vitamina D alcancen los niveles séricos más adecuados, deben recibir suplementos de vitamina D. Este estudio se realizó con la finalidad de evaluar si en la práctica clínica habitual, el manejo de la hipovitaminosis D era llevada a cabo según las recomendaciones internacionales establecidas por las sociedades científicas.Métodos: Se realizaron dos rondas de circulación de un cuestionario Delphi entre un panel formado por médicos prescriptores habituales de vitamina D.Resultados: En general, los médicos del panel reconocieron la alta prevalencia de la hipovitaminosis D en España, la necesidad del cribado en los distintos grupos de riesgo y los beneficios de la suplementación en los pacientes con insuficiencia o déficit de vitamina D. Sin embargo, no se alcanzó el consenso en algunas de las aseveraciones relacionadas con los métodos de cuantificación de la vitamina D o con las recomendaciones para el manejo de la hipovitaminosis D.Conclusiones: La ausencia de acuerdo para algunos de los ítems reveló la necesidad de realizar acciones formativas destinadas a proporcionar un conocimiento adecuado y actualizado sobre las evidencias científicas y las recomendaciones para la práctica clínica de la suplementación de vitamina D. (AU)

Asociación de parámetros bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo con progresión y/o desarrollo de nuevas calcificaciones aórticas / Association of biochemical parameters of bone metabolism with progression and/or development of new aortic calcifications

Objetivo: Los parámetros bioquímicos siguen siendo la opción más utilizada para el seguimiento de pacientes con alteraciones metabólicas óseas. El objetivo del estudio fue valorar la asociación de algunos marcadores bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo con aparición y progresión de calcificaciones aórticas. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 624 hombres y mujeres mayores de 50 años que cumplimentaron un cuestionario y a los que se realizaron dos radiografías laterales dorso?lumbares y densitometría ósea. Cuatro años más tarde, en 402 sujetos se repitieron los mismos estudios junto con un estudio bioquímico. Resultados: La edad y la proporción hombres fue superior en los que tuvieron “progresión global” de calcificación aórtica (progresión de las ya existentes más las nuevas). Los niveles séricos de calcio y calcitriol fueron significativamente superiores y los de osteocalcina significativamente inferiores en los que se observó “progresión global” de calcificación aórtica. El análisis multivariante mostró que únicamente la osteocalcina se asoció de forma independiente con “progresión global” de calcificación aórtica, con una disminución del 18% por cada incremento de 1 ng/mL en los niveles de osteocalcina (odds ratio (OR)=0,82; intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%): 0,71-0,92). La categorización de la osteocalcina en terciles mostró que los sujetos del primer tercil (<4,84 ng/mL) se asociaron con mayor proporción de nuevas calcificaciones aórticas: (OR=2,45; IC 95%: 1,03-3,56) respecto al tercer tercil (>6,40 ng/mL). Conclusión: Los niveles séricos de osteocalcina podrían ser un marcador bioquímico para evaluar la aparición y/o a evolución de la calcificación aórtica. No obstante, se necesita determinar con mayor precisión como podría ejercer este efecto protector en el proceso de calcificación vascular (AU)

Objetive: Biochemical parameters continue to be the most widely used option for the follow-up of patients with bone metabolic disorders. The objective of our study was to assess the association of some biochemical markers of bone metabolism with the appearance and progression of aortic calcifications. Material and methods: In this study, 624 men and women older than 50 years were selected at random. The participants completed a questionnaire and underwent two lateral dorsal-lumbar x-rays and bone densitometry. Four years later, the same studies were repeated in 402 subjects along with a biochemical study. Results: Age and the proportion of men were higher in those who had “global progression” of aortic calcification (progression of the existing ones plus new ones). The serum levels of calcium and calcitriol were significantly higher and those of osteocalcin significantly lower in which “global progression” of aortic calcification was observed. Multivariate analysis showed that only osteocalcin was independently associated with “global progression” of aortic calcification, with an 18% decrease for each 1 ng/mL increase in osteocalcin levels (odds ratio (OR)=0, 82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.71-0.92). The categorization of osteocalcin into tertiles showed that the subjects of the first tertile (<4.84 ng/mL) were associated with a higher proportion of new aortic calcifications: (OR=2.45; 95% CI: 1.03-3, 56) with respect to the third tertile (>6.40 ng/mL). Conclusion: Serum levels of osteocalcin could be a biochemical marker to evaluate the appearance and/or evolution of aortic calcification. However, it is necessary to determine with greater precision how it could exert this protective effect in the process of vascular calcification. (AU)

Efecto de la fragilidad y la sarcopenia sobre el riesgo de caídas y de fracturas osteoporóticas en población no seleccionada / Effect of frailty and sarcopenia on the risk of falls and osteoporotic fractures in an unselected population

OBJETIVOS: Valorar si la fuerza de agarre y la dificultad para realizar actividades cotidianas podrían ser predictores de caídas y fracturas osteoporóticas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 624 hombres y mujeres mayores de 50 años, que fueron seguidos durante 8 años para conocer la incidencia de caídas y fracturas osteoporóticas no vertebrales. Al inicio se midió la fuerza de agarre en manos y se cumplimentó un cuestionario con variables clínicas, factores de riesgo relacionados con la osteoporosis y cuestiones relativas a la dificultad o incapacidad para realizar actividades cotidianas. RESULTADOS: La fuerza de agarre en manos no se asoció con la incidencia de caídas y fracturas. Sin embargo, la imposibilidad o dificultad de "estar sentado más de 1 hora en silla dura", "quitarse los calcetines o las medias" e "inclinarse desde una silla para coger un objeto del suelo" se asoció con caídas: 1,83 (1,16-2,89); 1,85 (1,14-3,00) y 1,68 (1,04-2,70), respectivamente. Del mismo modo, la imposibilidad o dificultad de "llevar durante 10 metros un objeto de 10 kilos" y "levantar una caja con 6 botellas y ponerlas sobre una mesa" se asoció con fractura: 2,82 (1,21-6,59) y 2,54 (1,12-5,81) respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontró asociación entre la fuerza de agarre e incidencia de caídas y fracturas osteporóticas, pero sí con dificultad o incapacidad para realizar actividades cotidianas. Las relacionadas con mayor fuerza se asociaron con fractura, mientras que las relacionadas con capacidad funcional se asociaron con caídas. Realizar cuestionarios sencillos podría ayudar a predecir eventos antes de que ocurran

OBJECTIVE: Assess whether grip strength and difficulty in carrying out daily activities could be predictors of falls and osteoporotic fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 624 men and women over 50 years of age were randomly selected and followed for 8 years to determine the incidence of falls and non-vertebral osteoporotic fractures. At the beginning, the grip strength in the hands was measured and a questionnaire was filled out with clinical variables, risk factors related to osteoporosis, and questions related to difficulty or inability to perform daily activities. RESULTS: Grip strength in the hands was not associated with the incidence of falls and fractures. However, the impossibility or difficulty of "sitting for more than 1 hour in a hard chair", "taking off socks or stockings" and "leaning from a chair to pick up an object from the floor" were associated with falls: 1.83 (1.16-2.89); 1.85 (1.14-3.00) and 1.68 (1.04-2.70), respectively. Similarly, the impossibility or difficulty of "carrying a 10-kilogram object for 10 meters" and "lifting a box with 6 bottles and putting them on a table" was associated with fracture: 2.82 (1.21-6.59) and 2.54 (1.12-5.81) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between grip strength and incidence of falls and osteoporotic fractures, but it was found with difficulty or inability to perform daily activities. Those related to greater strength were associated with fracture, while those related to functional capacity were associated with falls. Taking simple questionnaires could help predict events before they happen

Impacto de la calcificación vascular en la mortalidad y salud ósea en pacientes con trasplante renal / Impact of vascular calcification on bone health andmortality in kidney transplant patients

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la prevalencia de calcificación vascular y fracturas vertebrales en una cohorte de pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, y su asociación con mortalidad por todas las causas y disfunción del injerto, así como la relación con parámetros bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo y mineral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, unicéntrico, en el que se incluyeron 405 pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal, con recogida de parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos, epidemiológicos y de calcificación vascular radiológica y fracturas vertebrales mediante radiografía simple en el momento del trasplante, con un seguimiento mínimo de dos años, evaluando mortalidad cardiovascular y por todas las causas y descenso del filtrado glomerular. Se dispuso además de 39 estudios de densitometría ósea realizados en los meses previos al trasplante. RESULTADOS: La supervivencia de los pacientes fue significativamente menor en el grupo de pacientes con calcificación vascular (131 ± 1,5 meses sin calcificación frente a 110 ± 3,5 meses con calcificación vascular, p < 0,001). Se observó un mayor descenso del filtrado glomerular estimado (FGE) mediante la fórmula CKD-EPI en todos los pacientes que presentaban calcificación vascular, siendo esta un factor de riesgo independiente (OR = 2,7; IC 95%: 1,6-4,4; p < 0,001). La prevalencia de fracturas vertebrales fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de calcificación vascular (12%), independientemente de otros factores de riesgo (OR = 9,2; IC 95%: 1,2-73,4; p = 0,036). Se ha asociado la prevalencia de fracturas vertebrales con menor masa ósea en cadera evaluada mediante densitometría ósea (T-score -1,2 vs. -2,4, p = 0,02) CONCLUSIONES: La calcificación vascular previa al trasplante, evaluada mediante un método sencillo, barato y accesible como la radiografía simple, condiciona la morbimortalidad del paciente sometido a trasplante renal y tiene un gran impacto sobre la evolución de la función del injerto, independientemente de otros factores de riesgo tradicionales. La asociación entre la fragilidad ósea, la calcificación vascular y el pronóstico del paciente y del injerto renal nos debe hacer pensar en añadir la densitometría ósea en el protocolo de inclusión en lista de espera de trasplante. Es relevante promover no sólo la mejor salud vascular posible sino también promover el menor impacto en el tejido óseo en la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica antes del momento del trasplante

OBJETIVE: To assess the prevalence of vascular calcification and vertebral fractures in a cohort of patients undergoing kidney transplantation and its association with all graft-related causes of mortality and dysfunction, as well as the relationship with biochemical parameters of bone and mineral metabolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, single-center study, which included 405 patients undergoing kidney transplants, with collection of clinical, biochemical, epidemiological parameters, and of radiological vascular calcification and vertebral fractures by simple radiography at the time of transplantation, with a minimum follow-up of two years. We assessed cardiovascular mortality and all causes and decreased glomerular filtration. In addition, 39 bone densitometry studies carried out in the months prior to transplantation were reported. RESULTS: Patient survival was significantly lower in the group of patients with vascular calcification (131 ± 1.5 months without calcification compared to 110 ± 3.5 months with vascular calcification, p < 0.001). A greater decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was observed using the CKD-EPI formula in all patients who presented vascular calcification, this being an independent risk factor (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.6-4, 4; p < 0.001). The prevalence of vertebral fractures was significantly higher in the vascular calcification group (12%), independently of other risk factors (OR = 9.2; 95% CI: 1.2-73.4; p = 0.036). The prevalence of vertebral fractures has been associated with lower hip bone mass assessed by bone densitometry (T-score -1.2 vs. -2.4, p = 0.02) CONCLUSIONS: Vascular calcification prior to transplantation, evaluated using a simple, cheap and accessible method such as plain radiography, determines the morbidity and mortality of the patient undergoing a kidney transplant and has a great impact on the evolution of graft function, regardless of other risk factors. traditional. The association between bone fragility, vascular calcification and the prognosis of the patient and the renal graft should make us think about adding bone densitometry to the protocol for inclusion in the transplant waiting list. It is relevant to promote not only the best possible vascular health but also to promote the least impact on bone tissue in the progression of chronic kidney disease before the time of transplantation

Niveles de calcidiol y mantenimiento de la función muscular, capacidad funcional y densidad mineral ósea en población española no seleccionada / Calcidiol levels and muscle function maintenance, functional capacityand bone mineral bone density in non-selected Spanish population

Introducción: La vitamina D posee efectos beneficiosos que supuestamente contribuirian a mantener la funcion musculo‐esqueletica. Objetivo: Analizar en una poblacion no seleccionada el efecto de los niveles de calcidiol sobre la funcion muscular en ambas manos, sobre actividades de la vida cotidiana y sobre los cambios en la densidad mineral osea (DMO). Material y métodos: Se utilizo la cohorte del estudio EVOS que realizo, entre otros, medidas de fuerza muscular de agarre en ambas manos, preguntas relativas a la dificultad para realizar actividades cotidianas, estudio densitometrico en columna lumbar y cadera, y bioquimica para determinar los niveles de calcidiol. Resultados: Valores de calcidiol ≥20 ng/mL se asociaron con mayor fuerza muscular de agarre en ambas manos. Tras ajuste por edad, sexo, IMC y estacionalidad, niveles de calcidiol <20 ng/mL se asociaron independientemente con menor fuerza muscular de agarre solo en la mano izquierda (OR=2,35; IC 95%: 1,03‐5,38). Del mismo modo, la incapacidad o tener dificultades para "coger un libro u objeto de una estanteria alta" e "incorporarse de la cama" se asociaron significativamente con niveles de calcidiol <20 ng/mL. Niveles de calcidiol <20 ng/mL se asociaron con mayores perdidas de DMO en cuello femoral y cadera total. Estas asociaciones se mantuvieron en el analisis multivariante. Conclusiones: Mantener niveles de calcidiol ≥20 ng/mL se asociaron con mayor fuerza muscular de agarre en las manos, mantenimiento de actividades cotidianas y menores perdidas de DMO en cadera. Este estudio corrobora la utilidad de mantener niveles adecuados de vitamina D para mantener la funcion musculo‐esqueletica

Introduction:Vitamin D offers beneficial effects that reportedly help maintain musculoskeletal function. Aim:To analyze the effect of calcidiol levels on muscle function in both hands, on activities of daily life and on changesin bone mineral density (BMD) in an unselected population.Material and methods:The EVOS study cohort was used, which carried out, among others, measures of muscularstrength of grip in both hands, questions related to difficulty in performing daily activities, densitometric study in thelumbar and hip spine, and biochemistry to determine the levels of calcidiol.Results: Calcidiol values ≥20 ng/mL were associated with greater grip strength in both hands. After adjusting for age,sex, BMI and seasonality, calcidiol levels <20 ng/mL were independently associated with lower grip strength only inthe left hand (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.03‐5.38). Likewise, the inability or difficulty to "pick up a book or object from a highshelf" and "get up from the bed" were significantly associated with calcidiol levels <20 ng/mL. Levels of calcidiol <20ng/mL were associated with greater BMD losses in the femoral neck and total hip. These associations were maintainedin the multivariate analysis.Conclusions:Maintaining levels of calcidiol ≥20 ng/mL was associated with greater muscular strength of grip in thehands, maintenance of daily activities and lower BMD losses in the hip. This study corroborates the utility of maintainingadequate levels of vitamin D to maintain musculoskeletal function

Evaluación clínico-nutricional y del funcionamiento familiar en niños con alto nivel de riesgo de padecer inmunodeficiencia primaria / Family functioning, nutritional and clinical assessment of children with high risk of primary immunodeficiency

Antecedentes. Los estados de inmunodeficiencia impactan en el funcionamiento familiar. Objetivo. Comparar el funcionamiento familiar y aspectos clínico-nutricionales entre niños con alto nivel de sospecha de inmunodeficiencias primarias y aquellos con menor nivel de sospecha. Lugar de aplicación. Clínica de atención primaria. Diseño. Estudio transversal con grupos comparados. Población. 400 niños entre 1 año y 7 años 11 meses de edad, asignados a dos grupos, uno integrado por aquellos con puntaje ≥25 en la escala PRIDE (primary immunodeficiency disease evaluation), n=9 y otro integrado por aquellos que alcanzaron un puntaje ≤25 en la evaluación con la escala PRIDE, n=391. Material y métodos. Los grupos se compararon con respecto a funcionamiento familiar, estado nutricional y criterios clínicos de riesgo para inmunodeficiencias primarias. Resultados. Se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas de puntaje PRIDE con infecciones respiratorias altas >8, episodios de otitis media aguda ≥4, episodios de sinusitis aguda ≥2, infecciones de vías respiratorias bajas ≥2, no respuesta a ≥3 esquemas de antibióticos para un mismo cuadro de infección, infecciones urinarias >6, infecciones del sistema nervioso central, enfermedades alérgicas o autoinmunes concomitantes, caída del cordón umbilical > 30 días y funcionamiento familiar. Las áreas más dañadas del funcionamiento familiar fueron roles y armonía. Conclusiones. Hubo diferencias en el funcionamiento familiar y factores de riesgo relacionados con infección y predisposición a ella entre los niños con puntaje PRIDE ≥25 y aquellos con puntaje <25. (AU)

Background. Immunodeficiency states impact on family functioning. Objective. To compare family functioning, clinical and nutritional status among children with high suspicion of primary immunodeficiencies versus those in which the level of suspicion is lower. Design. Cross-sectional study with compared groups. Population. 400 children between 1 year and 7 years 11 months of age, assigned to two groups according to PRIDE (primary immunodeficiency disease evaluation) ³25 average, n=9 and the other composed of those who scored below 25 on the assessment with that scale, n = 391. Material and methods. The groups were compared regarding: family functioning, nutritional status and clinical risk criteria for primary immunodeficiencies. Results. Statistically significant associations were found among PRIDE scoring with following variables: upper respiratory infections >8, episodes of acute media otitis ³4, two o more episodes of lower respiratory infections, sinusitis ³ 2, three or more schedules of antibiotics to treat the same infection, more than six urinary tract infections in the past year, central nervous system infections, allergic or autoimmune concomitant diseases, drop of umbilical cord > 30 days and family functioning. The most damaged areas of family functioning were roles and harmony. Conclusions. There were differences in family functioning and related risk factors for both infection and predisposition to that between children receiving 25 or more points after PRIDE evaluation and those with PRIDE score below 25(AU)

[Compared nutritional assessment for older adults at family medicine settings]. / Evaluación nutricional comparada del adulto mayor en consultas de medicina familiar.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The nutritional state assessment have important implications to consider both: prognosis and prevention of diseases related to older adults. This study was designed to compare the assessment of the nutritional state, in alder adults, via Mini Nutritional Assessment with those obtained via evaluation of caloric ingest and anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters at family medicine centers. POPULATION AND METHODS: The nutritional status was assessed in 153 older adults, 93 men and 64 women, whose received medical attention at a primary care unit, the age average was 69.66 +/- 7.94 years old. The nutritional assessment obtained with Mini Nutritional assessment was compared to those obtained via biochemical and immunological parameters (hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, cholesterol and lymphocytes) and anthropometric parameters (size, weight, body mass index). RESULTS: Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.96 +/- 5.1 kg/m(2). Once the adults were evaluated with the MNA questionnaire, malnourishment was found in 47 patients (29.9%), risk of malnutrition in 86 patients (54.8%), and no risk for malnutrition 24 patients (15.3%). The MNA questionnaire was the strongest instrument to assess the nutritional status in older adults and to predict the risk of malnutrition in such population, (sensibility =96%, specificity= 98%, positive predictive value=97% and negative predictive value= 88%). The most important relations founded among variables to assess the nutritional status in older adults were the following: MNA-BMI (c(2) = 51.314 con gl = 6, p < 0.001); MNA-serum total proteins (c(2) = 46.989, gl = 2; p < 0.001); BMI-serum albumin (c(2) = 37.508, gl = 3; p < 0.001); MNA-Daily Carbone-hidrate ingestion (c(2) = 21.50, gl = 4; p < 0.001); MNA-Daily lipids ingestion (c(2) = , gl = 2; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The MNA predicts in opportune form the risk of malnutrition and the state of malnutrition the older adults previously to anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters. We recommend to use it, to do nutritional evaluation of older adults one time a year and in those adults in whom the risk of malnutrition or malnutrition have been detected, we recommend to complete the nutritional evaluation via determination of biochemical, immunological and anthropometric parameters mentioned above.

Evaluación nutricional comparada del adulto mayor en consultas de medicina familiar / Compared nutritional assessment for older adults at family medicine settings

Introducción y objetivo: La evaluación del estado nutricional del adulto mayor resulta importante como criterio de prevención y pronóstico de enfermedades relacionadas con la vejez. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de comparar el estado nutricional del adulto mayor evaluado a través de la encuesta Mini Nutricional Assessment, MNA), con aquel resultante de la evaluación de la ingesta calórica y parámetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e inmunológicos en consultas de medicina familiar. Población en estudio y métodos: Fue evaluado el estado nutricional de 157 adultos mayores, 93 varones y 64 mujeres, con edades 69,66 ± 7,94 años, que asistían a consulta de medicina familiar con la encuesta Mini Nutritional Assessment y este se comparó con el resultante de la evaluación con recordatorio de 24 horas, con parámetros antropométricos (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal), y marcadores bioquímicos e inmunológicos (hemoglobina, proteínas totales, albúmina, colesterol y linfocitos). Resultados: El índice de masa corporal promedio fue 26,96 ± 5,1 kg/m2. Luego de evaluar a los adultos mayores con el MNA se encontró que tenían malnutrición a 47 pacientes (29,9%), riesgo de malnutrición 86 (54,8%), y sin riesgo de malnutrición 24(15,3%). El MNA fue el instrumento más robusto para evaluar el estado nutricional del adulto mayor y predecir el riesgo de malnutrición en estos (sensibilidad = 96%, especificidad = 98%, valor predictivo positivo = 97% y valor predictivo negativo = 88%). Las asociaciones más importantes entre las variables usadas para realizar la valoración del estado nutricional del adulto mayor fueron MNA-índice de masa corporal (c2 = 51.314 con gl = 6, p < 0,001); MNA-proteínas totales (c2 = 46.989, gl = 2; p < 0,001); IMC-albúmina sérica total (c2 = 37.508, gl = 3; p < 0,001); MNA-Ingesta de hidratos de carbono en 24 horas (c2 = 21.50, gl = 4; p < 0,001); MNAIngesta de lípidos en 24 horas (c2 = , gl = 2; p < 0,001). Conclusión: La MNA predice en forma oportuna el riesgo de malnutrición en el adulto mayor previo a los parámetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e inmunológicos y sugerimos su uso al menos una vez al año para evaluar el estado nutricional del adulto mayor, el cual deberá completarse con la determinación de otros parámetros bioquímicos, inmunológicos y antropométricos en aquellos adultos con riesgo de malnutrición y malnutridos (AU)

Introduction and objective: The nutritional state assessment have important implications to considerer both: prognosis and prevention of diseases related to older adults. This study was designed to compare the assessment of the nutritional state, in alder adults, via Mini Nutritional Assessment with those obtained via evaluation of caloric ingest and anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters at family medicine centers. Population and methods: The nutritional status was assessed in 153 older adults, 93 men and 64 women, whose received medical attention at a primary care unit, the age average was 69.66 ± 7.94 years old. The nutritional assessment obtained with Mini Nutritional assessment was compared to those obtained via biochemical and immunological parameters (hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, cholesterol and lymphocytes) and anthropometric parameters (size, weight, body mass index). Resultados: Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.96 ± 5.1 kg/m2. Once the adults were evaluated with the MNA questionnaire, malnourishment was found in 47 patients (29.9%), risk of malnutrition in 86 patients (54.8%), and no risk for malnutrition 24 patients (15.3%). The MNA questionnaire was the strongest instrument to assess the nutritional status in older adults and to predict the risk of malnutrition in such population, (sensibility =96%, specificity= 98%, positive predictive value=97% and negative predictive value= 88%). The most important relations founded among variables to assess the nutritional status in older adults were the following: MNA-BMI (c2 = 51.314 con gl = 6, p < 0.001); MNA-serum total proteins (c2 = 46.989, gl = 2; p < 0.001); BMI-serum albumin (c2 = 37.508, gl = 3; p < 0.001); MNA-Daily Carbone-hidrate ingestion (c2 = 21.50, gl = 4; p < 0.001); MNA-Daily lipids ingestion (c2 = , gl = 2; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The MNA predicts in opportune form the risk of malnutrition and the state of malnutrition the older adults previously to anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters. We recommend to use it, to do nutritional evaluation of older adults one time a year and in those adults in whom the risk of malnutrition or malnutrition have been detected, we recommend to complete the nutritional evaluation via determination of biochemical, immunological and anthropometric parameters mentioned above (AU)

[Macronutrients consumption and lifestyle in patients whose received transplant of kidney in The Mexican Institute for Social Security]. / Consumo de macronutrientes y estilo de vida en pacientes con trasplante renal que acudieron a un evento deportivo nacional.

The transplant offer the best quality of life to patients whose suffer from advanced chronic renal failure. This work was undertaken to know the lifestyle and macronutrients consume patterns in patients from the Mexican Institute for Social Security whose received a transplanted kidney . Demographic and anthropometric information were obtained from 119 transplanted patients and consume patterns were obtained from them through the recall of 24 hours. The IMEVID questionnaire was used to assess the lifestyle in this population. This instrument was previously validated for its reliability, its showed a value of 0.681 for alpha of Cronbach and 0.685 for Spearman-Brown test. The 70% of the patients showed less favourable lifestyles and there were no differences between genders. There were significative differences among states of the country where the subjects lived; attending the following domains of the IMEVID questionnaire. Information, physical activity and adjustment to the treatment (p < 0.001). In those States near the american border the BMI was superior to the 25 kg/m(2), there were significatives differences attending ideal and real ingestion among States of the country, (p < 0.05). The protein consumption was higher in patients living in Michoacan to those reported from patients living in other states of the country (p < 0.05)and the lipids consumption was higher in Nuevo Leon in comparison with those reported from patients living in other states of the country (p < 0.05). It is frequent to find non favourable lifestyles in patients with transplant of the kidney, even when they practices physical exercise. The promotion of healthy lifestyles via educative strategies of high impact, in patients with transplant is necessary to avoid highly cost complications and rejection of the graft.

Consumo de macronutrientes y estilo de vida en pacientes con trasplante renal que acudieron a un evento deportivo nacional / Macronutrients consumption and lifestyle in patients whose received transplant of kidney in the mexican institute for social security

El transplante renal es la opción terapeútica que más calidad de vida ofrece al enfermo con Insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada. Este trabajo se hizo con el objetivo de conocer el estilo de vida y patrones de consumo de macronutrientes en pacientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, que recibieron transplante renal. Se obtuvo información sociodemográfica, antropométrica de 119 individuos postrasplantados de riñón que acudieron a un evento deportivo nacional y se estudió su consumo de macronutrientes a través del recordatorio de 24 hrs. Para evaluar el estilo de vida se utilizó el instrumento IMEVID, este instrumento fue previamente validado y mostró una fiabilidad de 0.681 con el alfa de Cronbach y de 0.685 con el método de Spearman-Brown. El estilo de vida predominante fue el poco favorable el cual se encontró en cerca del 70% de los casos estudiados (p < 0,05), no se encontraron diferencias de género en cuanto al estilo de vida. En los Estados Mexicanos próximos a Estados Unidos de Norteamérica el IMC promedio fue superior al 25 kg/m2, se observaron diferencias entre ingesta de macronutrientes y entre ingesta real e ideal entre los sitios de procedencia de los pacientes (p < 0,05). El análisis de varianza entre los sitios de procedencia de los pacientes mostró diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en los siguientes dominios de la encuesta IMEVID: actividad física, información y apego. El consumo de proteínas fue significativamente superior en pacientes trasplantados provenientes de Michoacán respecto al resto de los Estados (p < 0,05) y el consumo de lípidos fue significativamente superior en pacientes de Nuevo León respecto a aquellos que vivían en el resto de los Estados (p < 0,05). Es muy frecuente encontrar estilos de vida poco favorable en pacientes transplantados de riñón aún cuando estos realicen ejercicio físico, por lo que es necesario promover la práctica de estilos de vida favorables en esta población a fin de lograr mayor sobrevida del injerto y disminuir los costos derivados de complicaciones a través de estrategias educativas de alto impacto (AU)

The transplant offer the best quality of life to patients whose suffer from advanced chronic renal failure. This work was undertaken to know the lifestyle and macronutrients consume patterns in patients from the Mexican Institute for Social Security whose received a transplanted kidney . Demographic and anthropometric information were obtained from 119 transplanted patients and consume patterns were obtained from them through the recall of 24 hours. The IMEVID questionnaire was used to assess the lifestyle in this population. This instrument was previously validated for its reliability, its showed a value of 0.681 for alpha of Cronbach and 0.685 for Spearman-Brown test. The 70% of the patients showed less favourable lifestyles and there were no differences between genders. There were significative differences among states of the country where the subjects lived; attending the following domains of the IMEVID questionnaire. Information, physical activity and adjustment to the treatment (p < 0.001). In those States near the american border the BMI was superior to the 25 kg/m2, there were significatives differences attending ideal and real ingestion among States of the country, (p < 0.05). The protein consumption was higher in patients living in Michoacan to those reported from patients living in other states of the country (p < 0.05)and the lipids consumption was higher in Nuevo Leon in comparison with those reported from patients living in other states of the country (p < 0.05). It is frequent to find non favourable lifestyles in patients with transplant of the kidney, even when they practices physical exercise. The promotion of healthy lifestyles via educative strategies of high impact, in patients with transplant is necessary to avoid highly cost complications and rejection of the graft (AU)

Métodos de determinación de la densidad mineral ósea / No disponible

No disponible

[Guide for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine]. / Guía de prevención y tratamiento de la osteoporosis inducida por glucocorticoides de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna.

Our objective has been to elaborate an updated Clinical Guide of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis (GIO), identifying and measuring the grade of evidence that supports the given recommendations. For this, we reviewed studies performed on pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of GIO and after analyzing them we elaborated the present recommendations. This was done after a pre-specified and reproducible process that included an accepted model for the evaluation, and the reference of the evidence that supported it. Once the Scientific Committee elaborated the draft of the Clinical Guide, it was reviewed by all the members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis of the SEMI, and by an External Committee who included experts of many different specialities. Pathophysiology of GIO is complex and yet unknown. Bone effects of glucocorticoids are determined by multiple factors although accumulated doses seems to be the most important one. The best method to diagnose GIO is Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), although WHO criteria defined for the diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis are not applicable in GIO. The presence of a T-score lower than -1.5 Tscore indicates the necessity of treatment in any patient who receives or is going to receive more than 3 months treatment with glucocorticoids at a dose higher than 2.5 mg/day (in postmenopausal women) and 5 mg/day (in premenopausal women and men). DXA is also useful to follow up the patients, who can be done annually. Treatment must be prescribed to any patient who is receiving glucocorticoids or is going to receive them at doses higher than 7.5 mg/day for more than 3 months and 5 mg/day if the patient is a postmenopausal woman or has suffered from previous fragility fractures. Risedronate and alendronate are the drugs of election, always together with calcium and vitamin D supplements and general measurements usually prescribed in the treatment of osteoporosis. In very ill patients, parathyroid hormone can be used. The treatment for GIO should be maintained while glucocorticoid therapy is used.

Progression of vascular calcifications is associated with greater bone loss and increased bone fractures.

UNLABELLED: In this prospective study, we found a positive relationship between the prevalence of aortic calcifications and age. Aortic calcifications at baseline were positively associated with osteoporotic fractures. In addition, progression of aortic calcifications was also positively associated with the rate of decline in BMD at lumbar spine. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the progression of abdominal aortic calcification and osteoporosis in a Spanish cohort of men and women older than 50. METHODS: Men and women (n=624) aged 50 and over underwent two lateral X-rays of thoracic and lumbar spine and a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) study at lumbar spine and hip, and were followed during 4 years. Abdominal aortic calcifications were classified as absent, mild-moderate and severe. RESULTS: There was a positive relationship between the prevalence of aortic calcifications and age. In both sexes, prevalent severe aortic calcifications were positively associated with prevalent osteoporotic fractures [odds ratio (OR)=1.93 (1.02-3.65)]. The association was stronger when only vertebral fracture was considered [OR=2.45 (1.23-4.87)]. In addition, progression of aortic calcifications showed a positive association with the rate of decline in bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic calcifications at baseline were positively associated with osteoporotic fractures. The progression of aortic calcifications was also positively associated with the rate of decline in BMD at lumbar spine.

Los polomorfismos del gen del receptor de la vitamina D (VDR) modulan la respuesta a la vitamina D de forma tejido específica / Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms modulate the reponse of tissue-specific vitamin D

En los últimos años se ha discutido el posible papel de los polimorfismos en el gen del receptor de la vitamina D en diferentes enfermedades. En este trabajo se revisan diferentes estudios realizados para determinar la influencia de varios polimorfismos del receptor de la vitamina D y del colágeno tipo I sobre diferentes aspectos relacionados con el metabolismo del hueso y de la glándula paratiroides. Los estudios epidemiológicos mostraron que la combinación alélica BAt de los polimorfismos BsmI, ApaI y TaqI del receptor de la vitamina D y el genotipo ss del polimorfismo sp1 del colágeno tipo I son predictores del riesgo de fracturas osteoporóticas. Los estudios experimentales llevados a cabo en los osteoblastos en cultivo indicaron que la combinación alélica baT en el receptor de la vitamina D confiere una mayor sensibilidad del osteoblasto ante el estímulo con calcitriol. Por el contrario, en las glándulas paratiroides en cultivo fue la combinación BAt la que respondió mejor al calcitriol. La combinación alélica más favorable en el hueso no lo es en la glándula paratiroides y viceversa, lo que indicaría un efecto tejido específico del receptor de la vitamina D en la respuesta al calcitriol

In the last years, the likely role of the vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in different diseases has been discussed. In this work we review several studies performed to investigate the influence of the vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and type I collagen in different aspects of bone and parathyroid gland metabolism. On one hand, the epidemiological studies showed that BAt haplotype from BsmI, ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and SS genotype in sp1 polymorphism in type I collagen gene predicted the risk for osteoporotic fractures. On the other hand, experimental studies carried out in both human primary osteoblasts and parathyroid glands showed that while baT haplotype responded better to calcitriol in osteoblasts, BAt haplotype showed the best response in parathyroid glands. The most favorable allele combination in the bone is not in the parathyroid gland and vice versa. These findings are indicative of a tissue specific effect of the vitamin D receptor in the response to calcitriol

Inhaled steroids do not decrease bone mineral density but increase risk of fractures: data from the GIUMO Study Group.

Although the negative effect of systemic steroids on bone is well documented, there is not clear evidence about possible adverse effects of inhaled steroids on bone metabolism and fractures. A cross-sectional study was performed on 105 women suffering from bronchial asthma treated with inhaled steroids and 133 controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) at the calcaneus and by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), at both the lumbar spine and proximal femur. Patients suffering from bronchial asthma showed no statistically significant changes in BMD as measured by DXA or QUS, compared with controls. A higher prevalence of fractures was found in the group of women with bronchial asthma, with an age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.79 (95% CI: 1.19-6.54). Inhaled steroids do not appear to decrease BMD, but are associated with an increased risk of fracture in women.

Postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture have bone mineral density values similar to those of controls when measured with calcaneus quantitative ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: It is a matter of controversy whether or not Colles' fracture is an osteoporotic fracture. Indeed, the usefulness of quantitative ultrasound in distinguishing Colles' fracture from normal fractures is also unclear. METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study was done on 469 postmenopausal Spanish women, 121 with Colles' fracture and 348 controls. Assessment of risk factors for osteoporosis and measurement of calcaneus quantitative ultrasound were carried out using a Sahara, Hologic device. RESULTS: Patients with Colles' fracture had BUA, SOS, and QUI values that were similar to those of controls, and no statistically significant differences were found. We estimated ROC curves for SOS and a score based on a linear combination of height and SOS (SH-Score). The areas under both curves were 0.56 and 0.61, respectively, which was statistically significant. To obtain 5% false-negative and 10% false-positive figures, the T-score cut-off for SOS was -2.45 and -0.045, respectively. Of these, only 9.2% were classified as high risk and 11% as low risk with 79.8% undetermined. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Colles' fracture had BUA, SOS, and QUI values that were similar to those of controls. Nevertheless, ROC curves calculated by a combination of height and SOS showed that quantitative calcaneus ultrasound may be a useful tool for identifying postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture. These results indicate that measuring bone mineral density with ultrasound only captures limited aspects of the pathophysiology of Colles' fractures.